From: owner-can-firearms-digest@sfn.saskatoon.sk.ca (Cdn-Firearms Digest) To: cdn-firearms-digest@sfn.saskatoon.sk.ca Subject: Cdn-Firearms Digest V8 #339 Reply-To: cdn-firearms-digest@sfn.saskatoon.sk.ca Sender: owner-can-firearms-digest@sfn.saskatoon.sk.ca Errors-To: owner-can-firearms-digest@sfn.saskatoon.sk.ca Precedence: normal Cdn-Firearms Digest Tuesday, August 16 2005 Volume 08 : Number 339 In this issue: FOUR WHEELS AND MEN WITH GUNS Letter: Guns, gangs, drugs are nothing new Letter: Cap gun isn't dangerous Column: Toronto's rash of "black-on-black" gun violence Eight arrests follow shootings SIU closes probe into Deep River shooting GUNFIRE CLAIMS ANOTHER VICTIM EDITOR (A nice place to visit, but...) Police shooting of senior still being investigated Importing arms Letter to National post (unpub, retread) .... Re: COLUMN: EPIDEMIC OF STABBINGS Re: Toronto Mayor seeks tougher controls on gun ownership Re: Letter: Target criminals, not all gun owners ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Date: Tue, 16 Aug 2005 06:47:24 -0600 (CST) From: Breitkreuz@sfn.saskatoon.sk.ca, Garry - Assistant 1 Subject: FOUR WHEELS AND MEN WITH GUNS PUBLICATION: The Toronto Sun DATE: 2005.08.16 EDITION: Final SECTION: News PAGE: 5 ILLUSTRATION: photo by David Lucas A POLICE officer looks at the taped-off scene where Omar McLeod was shot dead early yesterday on Wellesley St. near Sherbourne St. not far from the Phoenix nightclub. The gunfire came from a large SUV with four occupants. BYLINE: JASON TCHIR, TORONTO SUN WORD COUNT: 199 - ------------------------------------------------------------------------ FOUR WHEELS AND MEN WITH GUNS A BUSY SUNDAY NIGHT FOR POLICE - ------------------------------------------------------------------------ A SCARBOROUGH teen shot in the face waiting for a bus was one of three shootings from cars in almost as many hours on Sunday. Police say a 17-year-old boy was standing at Lawrence Ave. E. and Manse Rd. in Scarborough around 8 p.m. when a car with four men drove past. The car -- a 1992 black four-door Honda Accord -- made a U-turn and two of the passengers pointed handguns at the teen and started shooting. The teen ran but was struck twice, once in the left shoulder and once in the face, police said. The car then fled westbound on Lawrence Ave. About an hour earlier, bullets flew between two cars at Coronation and Kitchener Rds. in Scarborough. Both cars -- a late 1980s black Honda Civic with a loud muffler and a newer champagne coloured Chevrolet Maxx four-door hatchback -- fled in different directions. Police don't know if anyone was hurt. The first incident was at around 5 p.m. near St. Bernard Catholic School at Jane St. and Lawrence Ave. when a man in his late teens -- who was standing with two other men -- fired shots at a black Honda, police said. The driver of the car returned fire and sped away while the three men ran off, police said. There were no reports of injuries. Yesterday police arrested the alleged driver, Cuong Manh Bui, 19, of Toronto. A fourth shooting at 10 p.m., which shattered a bus shelter in crime-plagued Lawrence Heights, may have been meant for police. "Shots hit a bus shelter and a fence. Why? I don't know," said 32 Division Sgt. Gord Rabjohn. "We have officers walking through the area, maybe somebody was trying to give them a message." ------------------------------ Date: Tue, 16 Aug 2005 06:47:38 -0600 (CST) From: Breitkreuz@sfn.saskatoon.sk.ca, Garry - Assistant 1 Subject: Letter: Guns, gangs, drugs are nothing new PUBLICATION: The Toronto Star DATE: 2005.08.16 EDITION: ONT SECTION: Letter PAGE: A21 WORD COUNT: 170 - ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Guns, gangs, drugs are nothing new - ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Hear our prayer Aug. 14. Guns, gangs, crime and drugs are nothing new to Toronto. Growing up beside the Christie Pits more than 50 years ago, I saw plenty of guns and knives, street gangs, hookers and pedophiles, and winos as well as kids with dirty clothes and no shoes. A few years later, near Jane St., I witnessed the Black Creek gang practising with their guns and had to run like Hell when they saw me. In high school in Etobicoke in the late 1950s, biker gangs, rumbles, switchblades, and barbiturates were common as dirt, and almost every boy smoked and had a BB gun. So what's new? In those days the crooks were all white because that is what Torontonians were. Knives were more common only because they were cheaper and more available. Alcohol and pills were the usual drugs and the movies, magazines and newspapers would glamorize gangsters, booze and guns. Today the city is a lot bigger, but not any better. Some things have changed a bit, but poverty and hopelessness are still with us and remain the root causes of these social ills. Richard Banigan, Lafontaine Beach, Ont. ------------------------------ Date: Tue, 16 Aug 2005 06:47:53 -0600 (CST) From: Breitkreuz@sfn.saskatoon.sk.ca, Garry - Assistant 1 Subject: Letter: Cap gun isn't dangerous PUBLICATION: The Record (Kitchener, Cambridge and Waterloo) DATE: 2005.08.16 EDITION: Final SECTION: OPINION PAGE: A6 BYLINE: John B. Holdstock WORD COUNT: 72 - ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Cap gun isn't dangerous - ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Regarding the Aug. 12 article, Shots From Cap Gun Frighten Pedestrians, I would like to say that the two youngsters who fired a cap pistol from a car and frightened some pedestrians were certainly misguided. But if they have, in fact, been charged with possession of a dangerous weapon, one can only assume that common sense has taken a vacation within the police force. John B. Holdstock Kelowna, B.C. ------------------------------ Date: Tue, 16 Aug 2005 06:48:14 -0600 (CST) From: Breitkreuz@sfn.saskatoon.sk.ca, Garry - Assistant 1 Subject: Column: Toronto's rash of "black-on-black" gun violence PUBLICATION: GLOBE AND MAIL DATE: 2005.08.16 PAGE: A15 (ILLUS) BYLINE: GRAEME MCLAGAN SECTION: Comment EDITION: Metro WORD COUNT: 1005 - ------------------------------------------------------------------------ London's gangs are falling down Winning the trust and co-operation of the city's black community was the key to battling drug and gun-related crime, says author GRAEME McLAGAN - ------------------------------------------------------------------------ As Toronto copes with a rash of "black-on-black" gun violence, it should look to London, where authorities have been tackling it for years, with some measure of success. The U.K. capital experiences as many as 20 gun murders a year where both victim and shooter are of West Indian or African origin. Black people make up less than 10 per cent of London's population, but are disproportionately involved in a staggering 70 per cent of its shooting incidents. Similar figures are reported from other parts of England plagued by black gun crime and gang feuding -- Manchester, Nottingham, the West Midlands and Bristol. The problem dates from the 1980s, with many of the shootings and murders associated with the spread of crack cocaine. At first, Scotland Yard's response was slow, the cynical view being that, if black drug dealers were killing other black drug dealers, what was the big concern? Two events changed that attitude. A failed police investigation into the murder of a black teen, Steven Lawrence, created a huge public outcry. The Yard's response - -- trying to build bridges with the wider black community -- coincided with a particularly horrific series of murders within a few short weeks in 1998. One woman was shot dead in front of her two young children. Another was tied to a chair, tortured, then shot in the head, to be discovered by her three young children the next morning. With panic spreading, activists who had previously branded the police as racist demanded action from Scotland Yard. Welcoming the opportunity, the Metropolitan Police piled money and resources into the investigation and, for the first time, black community leaders stood shoulder to shoulder with police, handing out leaflets appealing for co-operation. The gang was caught. This landmark case led to Scotland Yard's establishing Operation Trident, dealing only with black shootings and murders. It is an alien world for many Trident detectives. One experienced sergeant, after giving evidence in a murder case, told me: "I saw that bastard [the defendant] make the sign of a gun with his fingers. He mouthed 'Mum' at me, and then pretended to fire. He was threatening to kill my mother. . . . When I leave home for work, it's like I'm going to a different planet." Until 2000, young Jamaican men were committing most of the gun crime, fighting over drug turf. More recently, British-born blacks are estimated to be involved in 80 per cent of black-on-black gun crime. The vast majority of these young men have been brought up by single mothers; lacking positive male role models and job prospects of their own, they see that the only way of obtaining money, girls and respect is through drug dealing or robbery, and often both. Operation Trident has a total strength of 360 detectives and civilian staff, and an annual budget of more than L 23-million ($50-million). But Trident crime is seen as chaotic, largely because of the lifestyles of those involved. Criminals can have several different street names depending on which part of the country they operate in. Gang structures and allegiances are fluid, and feuds and tit-for-tat shootings can start and then suddenly end for no apparent reason. Good intelligence comes from phone taps and bugs, and there are several registered informants, paid for tips on the identities of gunmen. Handling this can be a gamble. "Our targets are not like the usual professional criminal," one senior detective told me. "They can change their minds in seconds. . . . You can have really good intelligence that someone is going to be, say, kidnapped. You hear plans being made -- the meeting points, who's involved and even where the kidnap is to take place. You would bet your life savings on it being correct. But then you learn that, instead of doing the kidnap, they've gone somewhere else. . . . Do you call it off, or do you stick with it, because it could still happen soon? Making the wrong decision can cost us very dearly." Breaking down the black community's distrust of police is a key element of Trident's work. Help comes from advisory groups in the hot-spot London boroughs where much of the gun crime occurs -- Lambeth, Brent and Hackney. Regular meetings take place between police and black community leaders where information and ideas on tackling the problem are exchanged. But evidence is needed to bring the gunmen to justice, and witnesses to a shooting fear reprisals. To combat that, and with the approval of the authorities and judges, witnesses at black murder trials are increasingly giving evidence under pseudonyms, shielded by curtains from the defendants and the public gallery, with their voices distorted through special voice-box modulators. In extreme cases, witnesses are provided with new identities. There is also a greater reliance on technical evidence. Many of the areas plagued by gun crime are covered by CCTV cameras. Powerful corroborative evidence often comes from analyzing accused shooters' mobile phones, which show they have been at a murder scene and in contact with the victim or other suspects. Tough new laws have also been introduced for gun possession. All these measures have contributed to Operation Trident's 70-per-cent murder clear-up rate. After the branch's formation, the number of black-on-black murders in London dropped by about a third. Although it has remained fairly constant in the past three years, Scotland Yard says that, without Trident, it would have been much higher. Graeme McLagan, a former BBC Home Affairs correspondent, is the author of Guns and Gangs: Inside Black Gun Crime (Allison & Busby, distributed in Canada by Georgetown). ------------------------------ Date: Tue, 16 Aug 2005 06:52:00 -0600 (CST) From: Breitkreuz@sfn.saskatoon.sk.ca, Garry - Assistant 1 Subject: Eight arrests follow shootings PUBLICATION: Edmonton Journal DATE: 2005.08.16 EDITION: Final SECTION: News PAGE: A7 SOURCE: The Edmonton Journal DATELINE: EDMONTON WORD COUNT: 94 - ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Eight arrests follow shootings - ------------------------------------------------------------------------ EDMONTON - Eight people were arrested in Hobbema Monday morning after three shooting incidents in as many days. There were no reports of injuries. Around 11 p.m. on Saturday, witnesses reported a number of young men firing guns on the Ermineskin townsite. No weapons or suspects were found. At 1 a.m. Sunday, five or six shots were fired from a dark-coloured car at the Knotts Landing area of Hobbema. At 1:20 a.m. on Monday, shots were fired at a home on the Samson townsite. Later that morning, police pursued a suspect vehicle until the driver lost control and ended up in a ditch. Eight suspects were arrested. Hobbema RCMP report that all the shooting incidents were gang-related. ------------------------------ Date: Tue, 16 Aug 2005 06:53:25 -0600 (CST) From: Breitkreuz@sfn.saskatoon.sk.ca, Garry - Assistant 1 Subject: SIU closes probe into Deep River shooting PUBLICATION: The Ottawa Citizen DATE: 2005.08.16 EDITION: Final SECTION: City PAGE: C2 SOURCE: The Ottawa Citizen WORD COUNT: 134 - ------------------------------------------------------------------------ SIU closes probe into Deep River shooting - ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Ontario's Special Investigations Unit has closed its investigation into a shooting incident involving the OPP in Deep River. On Sunday, shots were fired during an armed standoff between Ontario Provincial Police officers and a 25-year-old man. According to police, at one point during the standoff, the man leaned out the window of his home, holding a rifle. A police officer then shot at the man. The man was taken to hospital and treated for non-life-threatening injuries. The SIU called off its investigation because the man's injuries were not life-threatening. It is standard procedure for the SIU to investigate any situation in which police actions result in serious injury or death. ------------------------------ Date: Tue, 16 Aug 2005 06:58:02 -0600 (CST) From: Breitkreuz@sfn.saskatoon.sk.ca, Garry - Assistant 1 Subject: GUNFIRE CLAIMS ANOTHER VICTIM PUBLICATION: The Toronto Sun DATE: 2005.08.14 EDITION: Final SECTION: News PAGE: 6 BYLINE: JASON TCHIR, TORONTO SUN WORD COUNT: 174 - ------------------------------------------------------------------------ GUNFIRE CLAIMS ANOTHER VICTIM - ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Two shootings in less than an hour left one man dead in an Etobicoke ravine and two men shot in the legs in Scarborough. Police found a man shot "several times" in the chest in the park behind Scarlettwood Ct. off Scarlett Rd. north of Eglinton Ave. W. around 10:15 p.m. When paramedics arrived they were unable to revive the man, who had no life signs, and he was declared dead at the scene. "I believe they're still trying to identify him," said Toronto Police Sgt. Dino Granberg. "They've brought witnesses in for questioning." Homicide detectives were called in and police closed off the park and brought in search dogs. At least four witnesses were taken in for questioning. Officers were also reportedly collecting surveillance videos from nearby basketball courts. 43RD HOMICIDE It was not known whether police had identified any suspects in the murder, the city's 43rd homicide this year. About 40 minutes later, paramedics were called about two men shot at Lowry Square near Sheppard Ave. E. and Morningside Ave. There were few details early this morning, but police said the pair's injuries were not life-threatening. Police were seeking a gold or tan minivan in connection with that shooting. Earlier yesterday, two GTA men were caught at the Peace Bridge, allegedly trying to smuggle illegal U.S. handguns and ammunition into Canada, Niagara Police said. Ali Dirie, 22, of Beckwith Cres. in Markham and Yasin Mohamed, 23, of Rankin Cres. in Toronto face weapons charges and more charges are pending, police said. ------------------------------ Date: Tue, 16 Aug 2005 06:58:19 -0600 (CST) From: Breitkreuz@sfn.saskatoon.sk.ca, Garry - Assistant 1 Subject: EDITOR (A nice place to visit, but...) PUBLICATION: The Toronto Sun DATE: 2005.08.16 EDITION: Final SECTION: Editorial/Opinion PAGE: 18 COLUMN: Letters to the Editor WORD COUNT: 573 MAYOR DAVID Miller cut short his vacation to make his latest announcement that Toronto will hire an additional 150 police officers. One thing has me puzzled, though. Here is a man who has said he hates guns and has openly blamed lax U.S. gun laws for the latest string of shootings in Toronto. Yet he sure picked an odd setting for his family getaway. Maine, after all, is a state which does not require a licence to buy a gun, does not require registration of guns, does not mandate safety training for gun owners and even better, permits concealed carry of handguns for defensive purposes! Sounds like a pretty dangerous place for a family vacation, considering he could have just stayed in super-safe Toronto. Jason Graveline Lawrencetown, N.S. EDITOR (A nice place to visit, but...) ------------------------------ Date: Tue, 16 Aug 2005 06:58:35 -0600 (CST) From: Breitkreuz@sfn.saskatoon.sk.ca, Garry - Assistant 1 Subject: Police shooting of senior still being investigated PUBLICATION: GLOBE AND MAIL DATE: 2005.08.16 PAGE: A8 BYLINE: SECTION: National News SOURCE: CP EDITION: National DATELINE: Halifax NS WORD COUNT: 108 - ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Canada in Brief Police shooting of senior still being investigated - ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Although an autopsy on a retired banker, shot and killed by police near Yarmouth, N.S., has been completed, a report into his death is not done, RCMP said. Constable Joe Taplin said yesterday it could be weeks or months before the public learns precisely what happened to Robert Gregory, 70, last Thursday night in the community of Forest Glen. Mr. Gregory was shot by an RCMP officer on a wooded road near his home after police responded to reports of gunfire. People living in the area said they heard two shots from what they believed to be a police automatic weapon. CP ------------------------------ Date: Tue, 16 Aug 2005 08:01:15 -0600 (CST) From: "Bruce Mills" Subject: Importing arms Toronto Sun, Monday, August 15, 2005 news 5 SUN Briefs Importing arms Two men caught trying to enter the country with three loaded pistols appear in court tomorrow. The men were arrested after trying to enter Canada at the Peace Bridge at 5:40 a.m. Saturday. Police sources allege a .380-calibre handgun and a 9-mm handgun were found duct-taped to one man's leg, while a .380-calibre turned up in the other's pants pocket. Ali Dirie, 22, of Markham, and Yasin Mohamed, 23, of Toronto, face charges. Dirie is also charged with defying a 10-year ban from possessing firearms and ammunition, which was imposed in 1999. ------------------------------ Date: Tue, 16 Aug 2005 08:29:43 -0600 (CST) From: "Robert S. Sciuk" Subject: Letter to National post (unpub, retread) .... Toronto Mayor seeks tougher controls on gun ownership (fwd) Dear Sir/Madame, Mayor David Miller's highly tuned political reflexes are just as sharp as ever. In screaming for firearms central lockups Miller knowingly transgresses municipal, provincial and federal jurisdictions, the Charter of Rights, and purposely distorts the very clear distinction between the two classes of firearms owners in Canada; the responsible firearms owners, and criminals. When he implies without qualification of any kind that responsible firearms owners are allowing criminals to steal their firearms for use in criminal acts he studiously ignores the facts. There are millions of Canadians who legally posess tens of millions of firearms in Canada, and they are, according to the insurance companies, not an "identifiable risk group". Hmmm. Clearly as a politician his instincts are to appeal on a visceral level to those who either are unable or unwilling to think and act for themselves. Such is the way it has always been with politics, and it has been a recipe for success, as a majority of citizens feel no need to think things through for themselves. For those who can think clearly, the problem is obviously not the firearms, but the criminals who would use them without remorse. Sincerely, Robert S. Sciuk Oshawa, Ont. ------------------------------ Date: Tue, 16 Aug 2005 08:30:17 -0600 (CST) From: "mred" Subject: Re: COLUMN: EPIDEMIC OF STABBINGS - ----- Original Message ----- From: ; "Garry - Assistant 1" > PUBLICATION: The Edmonton Sun > DATE: 2005.08.16 > EDITION: Final > SECTION: News > PAGE: 7 > BYLINE: KERRY DIOTTE, CITY HALL BUREAU > WORD COUNT: 512 > > ------------------------------------------------------------------------ > > NOT TOO SHARP, ARE WE, FOLKS? > KNIFE-RELATED CHARGES GET THE SOFT TREATMENT DESPITE EPIDEMIC OF > STABBINGS > > ------------------------------------------------------------------------ > > Gee, it's so nice to know we have the federal gun registry to protect > the public from violent crime. Yes, of course I'm being sarcastic. > > Given the rash of crimes we see committed using knives, maybe it's time > we treat these instances as seriously as we do when guns are involved. > What would be wrong with imposing a minimum sentence when knives are > involved in a robbery? Isn't it time we caught up to criminal trends? > > Any other solutions to this horrific problem of stabbings? I'm all ears. > Clearly something has to be done. It has nothing to do with "crime" or "public safety" the gun registration fiasco is bound and determined to prohibit our use of guns and to confiscate them / ed/ontario ------------------------------ Date: Tue, 16 Aug 2005 08:30:45 -0600 (CST) From: "mred" Subject: Re: Toronto Mayor seeks tougher controls on gun ownership - ----- Original Message ----- From: ; "Garry - Assistant 1" > PUBLICATION: National Post > DATE: 2005.08.16 > EDITION: All West but Toronto > SECTION: Canada > PAGE: A6 > BYLINE: James Cowan > SOURCE: National PostWATERFRONT; THEFT; SMUGGLING; CANADA; MURDERS; > CRIME > ILLUSTRATION: Black & White Photo: Tyler Anderson, National Post / > Torontomayor David Miller discusses his plan to tackle the city's gun > violence. > NOTE: jcowan@nationalpost.com > WORD COUNT: 367 > > ------------------------------------------------------------------------ > > Toronto Mayor seeks tougher controls on gun ownership > > ------------------------------------------------------------------------ > > Gun owners in Toronto may soon be prohibited from keeping their firearms > at home even if they are properly licensed and registered, Mayor David > Miller said yesterday. > > "There's no reason to own a gun in Toronto -- collector or not. If you > are a collector and you have a permit, the guns need to be stored in a > way that they can't be stolen. And perhaps a centralized facility of > some kind could accomplish that goal," sounds good to me ? as long as they apply the same parameters to knives cars and drs>?who kill more people than guns It would appear that the mayor and premier are promoting the Liberal commie mantra of disarming all law abiding citizens....home invasions will be unaccountable after this law passes as home owners , especially the elderly will have NO form of self-defense? Which brings me to a thought? Couldnt the city of TO be sued for not allowing the basic right of self-defense to law abiding citizens ? ed/ontario ------------------------------ Date: Tue, 16 Aug 2005 08:31:17 -0600 (CST) From: "mred" Subject: Re: Letter: Target criminals, not all gun owners - ----- Original Message ----- From: ; "Garry - Assistant 1" > PUBLICATION: The Ottawa Citizen > DATE: 2005.08.16 > EDITION: Final > SECTION: News > PNAME: Letters > PAGE: A13 > BYLINE: Brian LaGroix > SOURCE: The Ottawa Citizen > ILLUSTRATION: Photo: Julie Oliver, The Ottawa Citizen / Brian Lagroix > says police should target criminals rather than law-abiding gun owners > who like to practise using their legally acquired guns at various > shooting ranges in urban areas. > WORD COUNT: 224 > > ------------------------------------------------------------------------ > > Target criminals, not all gun owners > > ------------------------------------------------------------------------ > > Re: Ban guns in cities, Aug. 13. > > I appreciate Mr. Reid's attempt to offer a solution to a problem, but > his solution appears to be targeting the wrong group -- the law-abiding > gun owners. > > As a community, let's rally together and come up with realistic > solutions that do not limit who can own firearms or where they can be > stored. Let's target the real problem -- the criminal element. > > Brian LaGroix, > Ottawa its a typical Liberal ploy ? steal legal gun owners guns and then only criminals will have guns It worked in England and Australia >? see how their crime stats have shot up /?and then we will have the same benefit of no guns in the home. Its all a ploy to get rid of legal guns so that the STATE can have complete and utter control over your life. and death.*(more so than now) It seems to me ? that the lenient sentences are handed out by the judicairy ? , knowing full well the perps will re-offend . thereby making it easy to raise a hue and cry against guns and then either banning them or prohibiting them or confiscating them? Perhaps this IS the MASTER PLAN? ed/ontario ------------------------------ End of Cdn-Firearms Digest V8 #339 ********************************** Submissions: mailto:cdn-firearms-digest@sfn.saskatoon.sk.ca Mailing List Commands: mailto:majordomo@sfn.saskatoon.sk.ca Moderator's e-mail address: mailto:akimoya@cogeco.ca List owner: mailto:owner-cdn-firearms@sfn.saskatoon.sk.ca FAQ list: http://www.magma.ca/~asd/cfd-faq1.html and http://teapot.usask.ca/cdn-firearms/Faq/cfd-faq1.html Web Site: http://teapot.usask.ca/cdn-firearms/homepage.html FTP Site: ftp://teapot.usask.ca/pub/cdn-firearms/ CFDigest Archives: http://www.sfn.saskatoon.sk.ca/~ab133/ or put the next command in an e-mail message and mailto:majordomo@sfn.saskatoon.sk.ca get cdn-firearms-digest v04.n192 end (192 is the digest issue number and 04 is the volume) To unsubscribe from _all_ the lists, put the next five lines in a message and mailto:majordomo@sfn.saskatoon.sk.ca unsubscribe cdn-firearms-digest unsubscribe cdn-firearms-alert unsubscribe cdn-firearms-chat unsubscribe cdn-firearms end (To subscribe, use "subscribe" instead of "unsubscribe".) 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